Organic Chemistry

________ compounds are compounds that contain the element _______. More than 90% of all compounds are organic compounds.

Why are there so many organic compounds?
1. A carbon atom has four electrons in its outer orbital or energy level. Each atom can form four covalent bonds (sharing of electrons, that occurs with non-metals).

*When carbon atoms bond to form the molecules of some organic compounds, they form long chains.

2. A carbon atom can form a single, double, or triple bond with another carbon atom.

*Each arrangement forms a molecule of a different organic compound.

3. A carbon atom can bond with atoms of many other elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine.

*A compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms is called a _____________. Example METHANE, ETHANE, ETHENE, ETHYNE.

Each line between atoms represents a _______ bond.

The double lines between carbon atoms in ethene represent a _______ covalent bond. A double covalent bond is the sharing of two pairs of electrons.

Carbohydrates are organic compounds in which there are ______ as many ________ atoms as oxygen and carbon (ratio of 1:2:1).

One group of carbohydrates is the _______. The sugar glucose is found in your body and in many other sweet foods such as grapes and honey.

Glucose has 6 carbons, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen and its formula is C6H12O6

The simplest carbohydrates are _____________ or simple sugars. Monosaccharide typically has 3, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are typical monosaccharides.  

Fructose and Galactose also have the formula C6H12O6. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are ________. Isomers are compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes. The structure of an isomer does affect some of the compounds properties. Ex. Frustose tastes sweeter than glucose. 

Sugars made up of two covalently bonded monosacchrides are called ____________. One of the most common disaccharides is sucrose, or table sugar.

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Most carbohydrates occur in the form of giant polymers, such as starch and cellulose. Giant polymers that consist of thousands of linked monosaccahrides called _______________.