Protein
	_________ are organic compounds that contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of _____ ______. An amino acid has an amino group(-NH2) on one end  and a carboxyl group(-COOH) on the other. 
	All amino acids have a similar chemical structure, but they differ in a reigion of the molecule known as an R group. There are more than 20 different amino acids. which contain a different R group.
	The ______ bond that joins two amino acids is known as a ________ bond. A molecule of water is lost when a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids. This reaction is another example of dehydration synthesis. 
	A complete protien contains one or more polypeptide chains and may contain a few other chemical groups that are important to its proper function. Proteins have numerous roles: They help to carry out chemical reactions; they pump small molecules in and out of cells; and they are even responsible for the ability of cells to move. The functions of proteins are at the very cinter of life itself.

Types of Proteins
	Proteins are essential in the growth and maintenance of cells in both structure and function. The basic types of proteins are as follows:
	1. Protein that are ________, such as the keratins of fingernails, skin, and hair: the collagens of cennective tissue: and the lipoproteins of the cell membrane systems.
	2. Proteins that are ________(regulators of metabolic processes), such as insulin.
	3. Proteins that transport _______, for example, hemoglobin.
	4. Proteins that make up ___________, such as histones. 
	5. Proteins that are organic _______, or ________.

Chemical Reactions
	Chemical reactions make life possible. Hundreds of chemical reactions are involoved in a process as simple as digesting a chocolate bar. If these chemical reactions proceeded too slowly, not only would the chocolate bar remain in the stomach for a long time, but the ordinary activities of life would come to a halt as well. Since this is not the case, some substances in the body must be responisible for speeding up the process.
	A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is called a _______. Catalyst are not changed by the reactions they promote, and therefore they are not used up during the reactions. Catalysts work by lowering the "start-up" energy of a reaction. Chemists often seek catalysts that will speed up reactions important to industry.

Nucleic Acids
_______ ______ are large complex organic molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphourus atoms.Nucleic acids are polymers of individual monomers known as __________. Nucleotides are molecules built up from _______ basic parts: a special 5-carbon ______, a _________ group, and a molecule generally known as a __________ base. There are two basic kinds of nucleic acids: ___________ _______(____), which contains the sugar ribose, and _____________ ______(_____), which contains the sugar deoxyribose.

I. Nucleic Acids
	a. polymers-large molecules
	b. contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
	c.monomer = ________
		1. 5-carbon sugar
		2. a nitrogen base
		3. a phosphate group

II. Nucleic Acid Types
	A. DNA = _____________ _________
		1. sugar = deoxyribose
		2. bases = ________(A), _______(G), _______ (C)
		3. special base = ________ (T)
		4. shape = 2 strands (double helix)
		5. functions = cell activities & heredity

	B. _____ = ribonucleic acid
		1. sugar = ribose
		2. bases = adenine (__), guanine (__), cytocine (__)
		3. special base = _______ (U)
		4. shape = 1 strand
		5. funstions = make protiens

Soap
	An interesting product made from fat is soap. Soaps are made by boiling oils or solid fats with solutions of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process is called saponification. During saponification, the fat molecules split apart, resulting in an acid portion and an alcohol portion. The acid portion of the molecule combines chemically with the sodium or potassium ions in the solutions, forming a salt of the organic acid. It is this acid salt that is used as soap.
Making Soap
	During the Middle Ages, soaps were made by boiling animal fat or olive oil  in water containing ashes from wood or seaweed This method worked because these ashes contain sodium and potassium bases.